There is a possibility that we 'll have microchips made of Phosphorus, Carbon, and Potassium. A P-C crystal will give a P-type semiconductor while a P-K crystal will give an N-type semiconductor.
Black Phosphorus Semiconductors.
The researchers also show it may be possible to tune the electronic properties of 2-D phosphorus by altering (aka doping) it with foreign atoms. This should be of value to electronics manufacturers, Yakobson said. Carbon and zinc may boost positive conductivity, while potassium may increase negative conductivity; the researchers believe phosphorus may be a promising anode material for batteries. In fact, 2-D phosphorus has more in common with three-dimensional silicon, the most common element in semiconducting electronics like computer chips. As in 2-D phosphorus, grain boundaries in silicon don’t cause band-gap changes. However, point defects in silicon can change its properties, unlike point defects in phosphorus. This suggests 2-D phosphorus could also be a candidate for high-performance electronics.
Source: Rice University - Phosphorus a promising semiconductor
Black Phosphorus Optoelectronics & Nanophotonics.
The following research paper states that Black Phosphorus can be used equally as a nanophotonic crystal and nanoelectronic semiconductor crystal. The same microchip could be made of black phosphorus and could have an optical part and an electronic part and an optoelectronic bus between the two parts!
Recent Advances in Black‐Phosphorus‐Based Photonics and Optoelectronic Devices
Pulak Chandra Debnath Kichul Park Yong‐Won Song
First published: 28 February 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700315 Cited by: 1
Abstract
In the recent past, 2D black phosphorus (BP) has been intensively studied and examined due to its unique electronic, photonic, and mechanical properties. The tunable and moderate direct bandgap and the high carrier mobility of BP provide enormous potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. In addition, the unique intrinsic anisotropic characteristics resulting from the puckered structure yield remarkable optical, electronic, transport, mechanical, and thermal characteristics that can be utilized for designing new devices. Significant efforts have been directed toward the synthesis, basic understanding, and applications of BP in the fields of nanoelectronics, ultrafast optics, nanophotonics, and optoelectronics. Here, the current development of electronic, photonic, optoelectronic, and optical devices based on BP is summarized, along with the recent advances in investigating its electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which form the foundation for next‐generation chip‐scale integrated devices. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the requirements for forthcoming studies to upgrade well‐systemized fabrication techniques toward large‐area, high‐yield, and perfectly shielded BP‐film production for the development of reliable devices in optoelectronic applications and other areas is provided. Finally, some existing challenges in implementing BP‐based optoelectronic and photonic devices are addressed and the prospects for future BP‐related research are discussed.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smtd.201700315
The operating frequencies of black phosphorus nanophotonic crystals are in the mid-infrared band 10 - 500 THz.
Source: The renaissance of black phosphorus
Phosphorus nano-cell batteries.
Phosphorus is considered as a promising anode for Na-ion battery because of its high theoretical capacity of 2595 mAh/g. In this study, two phosphorus-carbon (P-C) composites with well-controlled compositions and nanostructures of P and C have been developed: P@YP composite with P confined within porous structure of YP-80F carbon and P@CNT with unconfined P deposited on the surface of carbon nanotube.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285517304962
This study tells us that it is possible to create a battery by putting together many nanostructures that work as micro-cells. It is actually a P-C microchip that works as a battery. The capacity of 2.5 Ah/g is very good. It also says that a solid electrolyte of Na-ions is used.
Despite the reported performance after 1k cycles, the research is continued. There is another study that uses K-ions and states: "By the X-ray diffraction analysis, the alloying–dealloying mechanism of phosphorus is proposed to form a KP phase".
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775317316853
So it is again P-C and P-K crystals. In the future, BP-chips will also contain their rechargeable nano-cells that power them practically "forever". We just don't know how to do it... yet...
Black Phosphorus Semiconductors.
The researchers also show it may be possible to tune the electronic properties of 2-D phosphorus by altering (aka doping) it with foreign atoms. This should be of value to electronics manufacturers, Yakobson said. Carbon and zinc may boost positive conductivity, while potassium may increase negative conductivity; the researchers believe phosphorus may be a promising anode material for batteries. In fact, 2-D phosphorus has more in common with three-dimensional silicon, the most common element in semiconducting electronics like computer chips. As in 2-D phosphorus, grain boundaries in silicon don’t cause band-gap changes. However, point defects in silicon can change its properties, unlike point defects in phosphorus. This suggests 2-D phosphorus could also be a candidate for high-performance electronics.
Source: Rice University - Phosphorus a promising semiconductor
Black Phosphorus Optoelectronics & Nanophotonics.
Black phosphorus is also referred to as a “direct-band” semiconductor. This is a rare property, meaning the material can effectively and efficiently convert electrical signals back to light, making it a prime candidate for on-chip optical communication. University of Minnesota Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering graduate student Nathan Youngblood, whose paper on black phosphorus featured in Nature Photonics believes:
Source: FUTURE TECH - Could Black Phosphorous Be the Future of Microchips?“It is really exciting to think of a single material that can be used to send and receive data optically and is not limited to a specific substrate or wavelength. This could have huge potential for high-speed communication between CPU cores which is currently a bottleneck in the computing industry right now.”
The following research paper states that Black Phosphorus can be used equally as a nanophotonic crystal and nanoelectronic semiconductor crystal. The same microchip could be made of black phosphorus and could have an optical part and an electronic part and an optoelectronic bus between the two parts!
Recent Advances in Black‐Phosphorus‐Based Photonics and Optoelectronic Devices
Pulak Chandra Debnath Kichul Park Yong‐Won Song
First published: 28 February 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700315 Cited by: 1
Abstract
In the recent past, 2D black phosphorus (BP) has been intensively studied and examined due to its unique electronic, photonic, and mechanical properties. The tunable and moderate direct bandgap and the high carrier mobility of BP provide enormous potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. In addition, the unique intrinsic anisotropic characteristics resulting from the puckered structure yield remarkable optical, electronic, transport, mechanical, and thermal characteristics that can be utilized for designing new devices. Significant efforts have been directed toward the synthesis, basic understanding, and applications of BP in the fields of nanoelectronics, ultrafast optics, nanophotonics, and optoelectronics. Here, the current development of electronic, photonic, optoelectronic, and optical devices based on BP is summarized, along with the recent advances in investigating its electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, which form the foundation for next‐generation chip‐scale integrated devices. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the requirements for forthcoming studies to upgrade well‐systemized fabrication techniques toward large‐area, high‐yield, and perfectly shielded BP‐film production for the development of reliable devices in optoelectronic applications and other areas is provided. Finally, some existing challenges in implementing BP‐based optoelectronic and photonic devices are addressed and the prospects for future BP‐related research are discussed.
Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smtd.201700315
The operating frequencies of black phosphorus nanophotonic crystals are in the mid-infrared band 10 - 500 THz.
Source: The renaissance of black phosphorus
Phosphorus nano-cell batteries.
Phosphorus is considered as a promising anode for Na-ion battery because of its high theoretical capacity of 2595 mAh/g. In this study, two phosphorus-carbon (P-C) composites with well-controlled compositions and nanostructures of P and C have been developed: P@YP composite with P confined within porous structure of YP-80F carbon and P@CNT with unconfined P deposited on the surface of carbon nanotube.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211285517304962
This study tells us that it is possible to create a battery by putting together many nanostructures that work as micro-cells. It is actually a P-C microchip that works as a battery. The capacity of 2.5 Ah/g is very good. It also says that a solid electrolyte of Na-ions is used.
Despite the reported performance after 1k cycles, the research is continued. There is another study that uses K-ions and states: "By the X-ray diffraction analysis, the alloying–dealloying mechanism of phosphorus is proposed to form a KP phase".
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775317316853
So it is again P-C and P-K crystals. In the future, BP-chips will also contain their rechargeable nano-cells that power them practically "forever". We just don't know how to do it... yet...
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